Leukocytosis refers to increase in the total number of white blood cells above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly due to infection. Leukocytosis is very commonly seen in the people with less immunity. Symptoms include: parasitic, fungal, viral or bacterial infection, hemorrhage, cancer and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids.

There are five major types of Leukocytosis:

Deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood is referred as thrombocytopenia. It may occur due to decreased production, increased destruction, medication induced and other causes such as snakebite, lyme disease, thrombocytapheresis, niacin toxicity. It can be diagnosed by complete blood test, kidney function test, liver enzymes, vitamin B₁₂ levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

Types of thrombocytopenia:

Multiple myeloma or plasma cell myeloma is a cancer that arises from plasma cells (mature lymphocytes) a type of white blood cells. In myeloma plasma cells become abnormal, proliferate and from tumours that accumulate in the different parts of the body especially in the bone marrow and over the surface of bones. These cells discharge only single type of antibody known as paraprotein (which do not exhibit any useful function). Myeloma is diagnosed and monitored by measuring the levels of paraproteins.

Signs and symptoms include:

It is a medical procedure in which donated blood is transfused to a recipient. It is a lifesaving, safe procedure. Transfusions are used to treat various medical conditions such as iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell disease, severe bleeding- usually from surgery, childbirth or a serious accident. Either whole blood or blood components (red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and clotting factors) are used depending on the condition of the patient.

Adverse effects:

Decrease in haemoglobin level or red blood cells count in blood leads to Anaemia. The symptoms include: Irritability, Palpitations, Breathlessness, Tingling, Glossitis (inflammation or infection of the tongue), Angina, Angular cheilitis (inflammatory lesions at the mouth's corners), Poor appetite, Dysphagia due to formation of esophageal webs (Plummer-Vinson syndrome), numbness, or burning sensations, Restless legs syndrome. If left untreated it leads to heart failure, arrhythmias and frequent infections.

Thrombosis is the formation of blood clot in the blood vessel. Thrombosis is generally classified by the type of blood vessel affected and the precise location of the blood vessels or the organ supplied by it. The treatment of thrombosis depends on the type of blood vessel whether it is in a vein or an artery, person’s impact and the risk of complications from treatment.

Thrombosis is classified into 3 types: 

A cancer biomarker is a gene or substance that reveal the presence of cancer in the body that are particularly associated with genetic mutations, which determine whether individuals are susceptible to particular type of cancer.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). It harms the immune system by destroying the white blood cells that fight infection. A person with HIV infection may not notice any symptoms at the initial stage, followed by no symptoms for prolonged period. As the infection progress, there will be an increasing risk of common infections like tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections. Thrombocytopenia is often associated with HIV infection. HIV and SIV-associated thrombocytopenia arise through multiple mechanisms, including decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction due to HIV-mimetic anti-platelet antibodies, and increased use of activated platelets.

HIV is transmitted through three main routes:

Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that results from white blood cells called lymphocytes. The two major types of lymphomas are Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. There are two major types of Hodgkin lymphoma: classical Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. The most common symptom include: swelling of lymph nodes, which causes a lump to form under the skin. Other symptoms of HD include night sweats, itchy skin, fever, fatigue, unintended weight loss, persistent cough, trouble breathing, chest pain, pain in the lymph nodes, after consuming alcohol, enlarged spleen.

Hemochromatosis is a disease where excess iron is accumulated in the body by any cause. Commonly affected organs by hemochromatosis are heart, endocrine glands and liver. It can be diagnosed by Ferritin test, Liver function test, Iron test, UIBC, TIBC and Transferrin test. Hemochromatosis may present with the following clinical syndromes: Liver Cirrhosis, Arthritis, Testicular Failure, Joint and bone pain and Cardiomyopathy.

Types of Hemochromatosis:

Stem cell therapy is the treatment where stem cells are used to prevent a disease or condition. Haematopoietic stem cells are usually derived from bone marrow, or peripheral blood. Bone marrow transplantation is widely used stem cell therapy. It may be autologous, allogeneic or syngeneic.

Applications of Stem Cell Therapy:

A scientific examination of a sample of blood, generally advised by the physician for the diagnosis of illness, for the detection and measurement of drugs, assess your general state of health, to assess the functioning of the certain organs such as liver and kidneys.

Types of blood test:

A blood product may be defined as a therapeutic substance that is acquired from human blood. Some of the blood products are: Whole blood - which is rarely used in transfusion medicine. Blood components - Suspension of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets; Plasma derivatives - Plasma proteins such as albumin, coagulation factor suspension and immunoglobulins.

Common uses of Blood and its Components:

Hematology nurses are instructed to provide nursing care to patients with blood diseases or disorders. Duties of the hematology nurse include: Encounter patients with blood diseases i.e. leukemia, haemophilia, sickle cell anemia and lymphoma, Take medical histories, Perform exams, Diagnose and treat blood diseases. They have authority to write prescriptions and order diagnostic laboratory work. Hematology nursing is closely related to oncology nursing.

They may also assist with:

It is a branch of medicine that deals with the cause, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the diseases related to blood of infants, children and adolescents. Pediatric haematologists/Oncologists are specially trained to treat children with blood disorders and cancer.

The overall market for the haematological pharmaceuticals in top point as it is as often as possible foreseen to be improved over two or three decades. According to the overall market master, the hematology cure and definite market is depended upon to create at the rate of 7.5% from 2015-2020. A portion of the best drug store enterprises creating Biological Drugs and Generic Drugs fuse. Takeda Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Novartis, Celgene, Johnson and Johnson, Lilly, Takeda, AstraZeneca, Merck and Co., Amgen, Janssen bio tech, Pfizer, Bayer, Otsuka, Sanofi, Astellas, Eisai, AbbVie, Pharmacyclics, Merck KGaA and Incyte.

A Case report is a complete report of the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of an individual patient. Hematology case reports do have genuinely helpful roles in medical research and evidence-based drugs. Specifically, they need facilitated recognition of recent diseases and adverse effects of treatments. Case reports encourage understanding the clinical range of unique or rare diseases, also as exceptional introductions of normal ailments. Case reports may likewise have an assignment to play in directing the personalization of medicines in clinical take after. For instance, Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in a Patient with Pernicious Anemia was suggested by the report of a specific case.

A two blood groups system, that leads to erythroblastosis are Rh and ABO. Rhesus (Rh) is the protein that is inherited which is found over the surface of the red blood cells. People with Rh protein in the blood are Rh positive and without Rh protein are Rh negative. The two main causes of erythroblastosis fetalis: ABO incompatibility and Rh incompatibility.

Complications of erythroblastosis fetalis:

Haemoglobin is the red protein present in the blood that supplies oxygen to tissues in vertebrates. Haemoglobin is produced by genes that control the expression of the haemoglobin protein. Defects in these genes produce abnormal haemoglobins and anemia these conditions are termed as hemoglobinopathy. It is a kind of genetic defect.

Haemoglobin Variants (mutant forms):

It is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of blood, blood disease and the organs involved in forming blood. The diagnosis and treatment of hematological disorders is mainly managed by specialists in the field referred to as hematologists.